Grovelling to kings in times past was probably a wise, rather than a pitiful thing to do. Displease his or her royal majesty and it was \u2018off with his head\u2019. Or off to the local dungeon, or stake, or\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n
And even if the king or queen was the merciful sort, their \u2018agents\u2019 \u2013 local earls, wardens, commissioners etc \u2013 were quite happy to take offence on their royal person\u2019s behalf. With similar consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
And King James I of England, VI of Scotland, wasn\u2019t really the merciful sort. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
James was the son of Mary Queen of Scots and her second husband, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley. Darnley was, all sources seem to concur, a repellant individual. His murder, in 1567, may have caused shockwaves, but it seems unlikely anyone was actually sad at his demise.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Young James was just a baby when his father was murdered and his mother forced to abdicate and give him up. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
James was crowned king, but as an infant monarch, he was \u2013 as his mother had been \u2013 merely a useful object for powerful interests. In James\u2019 case, a succession of regents ruled \u2018on his behalf\u2019. The first was assassinated; the second killed in an attack; the third survived to see James take the reins and reign in his own right, only to be executed two years later.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
James united the English and Scottish crowns \u2013 and died in his own bed, of natural causes. But he was not a popular king. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
He surrounded himself with favourites, and lavished them with (other people\u2019s) wealth and honours. He once knighted 700 men in one week. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
His legacy is the United Kingdom, the King James Bible \u2013 and Bonfire Night, which he insisted be held every year, after the failure of the Gunpowder plot.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
He is also remembered as a witch-hunter, and as an autocrat \u2013 he believed in the divine right of kings. It really wasn\u2019t wise to get on his wrong side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
With the crowns united, attention turned to an old thorny problem: the lawlessness of the Anglo-Scottish border. Efforts to control it had always been hampered by the conflicting interests of the two nations. It suited both countries to have a buffer zone between them of armed outlaws who answered to neither side, but who would block any invading army. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
But now we were \u2018all on the same side,\u2019 the borders were seen as a blot on the landscape. And the continual raids, burnings, thefts, killings etc, were a hindrance to the prosperity of the kingdom. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
King James did seem to want to secure peace in the borders. Though as he himself had taken part in expeditions to \u2018pacify\u2019 the border in the past, which had largely been indiscriminate slaughter\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n
He\u2019d had people rounded up because of their name and hanged, and their cattle, food and belongings seized. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
This included farmers, as if farms were destroyed, the raiders would starve.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The result was famine, desolation, and an increase in disorder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
He also broke his word. A lot. And folk were too busy laughing at him to pay attention to the destruction and confiscations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In a previous post<\/a>, I transcribed one of the Pacification of the Borders documents from the Pennington Archive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n I have also \u2018had a go\u2019 (with gaps and queries) at page 21.<\/p>\n\n\n\n You can see a copy of the original here<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Yes, the document reads very much like royal grovelling. And with good cause.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The Grahams of Mote and Brackenhill had for years had it much their own way \u2013 a powerful reiving clan, notorious for their exploits. But once James united England and Scotland, their \u2018rule\u2019 came to a sudden end. And as James\u2019 agents set out to \u2018pacify\u2019 the borders, they found themselves at risk of all the horrors of the time, including execution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n It\u2019s possible someone wrote the document and obliged them to sign it. But it\u2019s also possible they felt a bit of royal grovelling was the only way save their necks and protect their families.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The period after Elizabeth died before James was crowned was a free-for-all in the borders: partly because the raiders thought \u2018no laws apply in the inter-regnum,\u2019 but also; \u2018this is our last chance to settle scores\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n It was to give the Grahams\u2019 enemies justification for what followed. Everyone had been at it, but Lord Cumberland made out it was only the Grahams at fault. A free pardon was issued to all, but the Grahams weren\u2019t to benefit. <\/p>\n\n\n\n What was to follow was a kind of \u2018ethnic cleansing\u2019 of the Grahams from the borders, with Lord Cumberland the primary beneficiary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A favourite of King James I, George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland, was Lord Lieutenant of Cumberland, and the English warden. And seeing the suppression of the clans would lead to confiscations of land, he was determined to have the lion\u2019s share. <\/p>\n\n\n\n He therefore bad-mouthed all the Eskdale landowners to the Privy Council, as thieves, murderers, beyond redemption. And his friend the Earl of Northumberland, lord of the manor of Cockermouth and a Cumbrian landowner, joined in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Here is my transcription:<\/p>\n\n\n\n The effect of the content\/concent of the same.<\/p>\n\n\n\n First these bewailings that- have offended his sacred majesty and therefore (in all humilitie) wa-e- p\u2019don for the same, with a joyfull acceptance for their employment in his majesty\u2019s service,<\/p>\n\n\n\n Secondly a whe-fall of my lord of Cumberland promise as from his majesty that (if they were transported) the should have as good l-w nigt provided for them as they enjoy on Esk, and to remayne with their own h-dmyes until that promise was performed,<\/p>\n\n\n\n and lastly a submiss- offer for the better advancement of his highness\u2019 service<\/p>\n\n\n\n Willm Graham of Mote<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Richard of Brackenhill<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Anthonie of Mote<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Robert Graham Howend<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Francis Graham Loggan?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n George G Milhill<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Wm G Langtown<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Willm G, Mickle\u2019s Wylly<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n with others now employed in his majesty\u2019s service<\/p>\n\n\n\n We on the behalf of the ?king of all kings do pray you, his majesty\u2019s commission with the teares of our hartes to present this our most humble petition to his royall majesty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n To the king\u2019s most excellent and sacred majesty <\/p>\n\n\n\n Most gracious and merciful ?sovereign, we your highness\u2019 poore and obedient subjects<\/p>\n\n\n\n do fall and prostrate our selves before your majesty\u2019s sacred foot, bewailing our former<\/p>\n\n\n\n lewd lives that – it shall have been a hard mishappe to have offened so gracious and merciful <\/p>\n\n\n\n a p\u2019\u2014, yet we think our selves most happie ?weat-es, that since it hath pleased your sacred<\/p>\n\n\n\n majesty ?any w- to employ us in your highness\u2019 service, which God be our witness, we do most<\/p>\n\n\n\n wilingly embrace and shall do our best endeavours to perform the same (as becomes dutiful and<\/p>\n\n\n\n obedient subjects) to the glorie of God, contentment to your majesty and commanders to our countrie<\/p>\n\n\n\n for rather than the least sparks of disobedience should any way appear in us, we would<\/p>\n\n\n\n enter into the galleys and to work as galley slaves, all the days of our lives an and we<\/p>\n\n\n\n do most humblie crave at your most sacred majesty\u2019s hands (?even for the king of king\u2019s sake)<\/p>\n\n\n\n to ha-d grace, merrie pity and compassion of our many poor distressed ?-wines and mis\u2014y<\/p>\n\n\n\n ?w-stmye? and this in fact, as in the sate? of youre -ydo-s and o-pha-th and we hand<\/p>\n\n\n\n no doubt but your sacred majesty (being known to be the most gracious, goldy and benign<\/p>\n\n\n\n person? that liveth at this day, upon the face of the earth) will not suffer so many poor<\/p>\n\n\n\n ?subjects of women and widows to be suppressed from their livings and to put 1000<\/p>\n\n\n\n ?vyi- soules to beg and pser-, if it might ?sand with your highness\u2019 pleasure<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" King James I and the Grahams \u2013 Royal grovelling Grovelling to kings in times past was probably a wise, rather than a pitiful thing to do. Displease his or her royal majesty and it was \u2018off with his head\u2019. Or off to the local dungeon, or stake, or\u2026 And even if the king or queen […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":2761,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[447,448],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2760","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-grahams","category-reivers"],"yoast_head":"\n\u2018Your majesty\u2019s sacred foot\u2019<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
ill Week: March 1603<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
The Earl of Cumberland <\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Pacification document pg21<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Footnote:
You can find my book The Story of the Border Grahams, chiefest actors in the spoil,<\/em><\/strong>here<\/a>.<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
![here<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u2018Your majesty\u2019s sacred foot\u2019<\/h2>\n\n\n\nYes, the document reads very much like royal grovelling. And with good cause.<\/p>\n\n\n\nThe Grahams of Mote and Brackenhill had for years had it much their own way \u2013 a powerful reiving clan, notorious for their exploits. But once James united England and Scotland, their \u2018rule\u2019 came to a sudden end. And as James\u2019 agents set out to \u2018pacify\u2019 the borders, they found themselves at risk of all the horrors of the time, including execution.<\/p>\n\n\n\nIt\u2019s possible someone wrote the document and obliged them to sign it. But it\u2019s also possible they felt a bit of royal grovelling was the only way save their necks and protect their families.<\/p>\n\n\n\nill Week: March 1603<\/h2>\n\n\n\nThe period after Elizabeth died before James was crowned was a free-for-all in the borders: partly because the raiders thought \u2018no laws apply in the inter-regnum,\u2019 but also; \u2018this is our last chance to settle scores\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\nIt was to give the Grahams\u2019 enemies justification for what followed. Everyone had been at it, but Lord Cumberland made out it was only the Grahams at fault. A free pardon was issued to all, but the Grahams weren\u2019t to benefit. <\/p>\n\n\n\nWhat was to follow was a kind of \u2018ethnic cleansing\u2019 of the Grahams from the borders, with Lord Cumberland the primary beneficiary.<\/p>\n\n\n\nThe Earl of Cumberland <\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\nA favourite of King James I, George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland, was Lord Lieutenant of Cumberland, and the English warden. And seeing the suppression of the clans would lead to confiscations of land, he was determined to have the lion\u2019s share. <\/p>\n\n\n\nHe therefore bad-mouthed all the Eskdale landowners to the Privy Council, as thieves, murderers, beyond redemption. And his friend the Earl of Northumberland, lord of the manor of Cockermouth and a Cumbrian landowner, joined in.<\/p>\n\n\n\nPacification document pg21<\/h2>\n\n\n\nHere is my transcription:<\/p>\n\n\n\nThe effect of the content\/concent of the same.<\/p>\n\n\n\nFirst these bewailings that- have offended his sacred majesty and therefore (in all humilitie) wa-e- p\u2019don for the same, with a joyfull acceptance for their employment in his majesty\u2019s service,<\/p>\n\n\n\nSecondly a whe-fall of my lord of Cumberland promise as from his majesty that (if they were transported) the should have as good l-w nigt provided for them as they enjoy on Esk, and to remayne with their own h-dmyes until that promise was performed,<\/p>\n\n\n\nand lastly a submiss- offer for the better advancement of his highness\u2019 service<\/p>\n\n\n\nWillm Graham of Mote<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nRichard of Brackenhill<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nAnthonie of Mote<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nRobert Graham Howend<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nFrancis Graham Loggan?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nGeorge G Milhill<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nWm G Langtown<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nWillm G, Mickle\u2019s Wylly<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nwith others now employed in his majesty\u2019s service<\/p>\n\n\n\nWe on the behalf of the ?king of all kings do pray you, his majesty\u2019s commission with the teares of our hartes to present this our most humble petition to his royall majesty.<\/p>\n\n\n\nTo the king\u2019s most excellent and sacred majesty <\/p>\n\n\n\nMost gracious and merciful ?sovereign, we your highness\u2019 poore and obedient subjects<\/p>\n\n\n\ndo fall and prostrate our selves before your majesty\u2019s sacred foot, bewailing our former<\/p>\n\n\n\nlewd lives that – it shall have been a hard mishappe to have offened so gracious and merciful <\/p>\n\n\n\na p\u2019\u2014, yet we think our selves most happie ?weat-es, that since it hath pleased your sacred<\/p>\n\n\n\nmajesty ?any w- to employ us in your highness\u2019 service, which God be our witness, we do most<\/p>\n\n\n\nwilingly embrace and shall do our best endeavours to perform the same (as becomes dutiful and<\/p>\n\n\n\nobedient subjects) to the glorie of God, contentment to your majesty and commanders to our countrie<\/p>\n\n\n\nfor rather than the least sparks of disobedience should any way appear in us, we would<\/p>\n\n\n\nenter into the galleys and to work as galley slaves, all the days of our lives an and we<\/p>\n\n\n\ndo most humblie crave at your most sacred majesty\u2019s hands (?even for the king of king\u2019s sake)<\/p>\n\n\n\nto ha-d grace, merrie pity and compassion of our many poor distressed ?-wines and mis\u2014y<\/p>\n\n\n\n?w-stmye? and this in fact, as in the sate? of youre -ydo-s and o-pha-th and we hand<\/p>\n\n\n\nno doubt but your sacred majesty (being known to be the most gracious, goldy and benign<\/p>\n\n\n\nperson? that liveth at this day, upon the face of the earth) will not suffer so many poor<\/p>\n\n\n\n?subjects of women and widows to be suppressed from their livings and to put 1000<\/p>\n\n\n\n?vyi- soules to beg and pser-, if it might ?sand with your highness\u2019 pleasure<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/p>\n\n\n\nFootnote:You can find my book The Story of the Border Grahams, chiefest actors in the spoil,<\/em><\/strong>here<\/a>.<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"King James I and the Grahams \u2013 Royal grovelling Grovelling to kings in times past was probably a wise, rather than a pitiful thing to do. Displease his or her royal majesty and it was \u2018off with his head\u2019. Or off to the local dungeon, or stake, or\u2026 And even if the king or queen […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":2761,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[447,448],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2760","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-grahams","category-reivers"],"yoast_head":"\nKing James I and the Grahams - Cumbrian Characters<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"King James I of England, VI of Scotland, wasn\u2019t the merciful sort. 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