{"id":51,"date":"2017-12-14T12:24:21","date_gmt":"2017-12-14T12:24:21","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/?page_id=51"},"modified":"2026-03-29T14:23:19","modified_gmt":"2026-03-29T13:23:19","slug":"index-topics","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/index-topics\/","title":{"rendered":"Index &#8211; topics"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3>Topics are alphabetical<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Click on a link in the topics list to be taken to the relevant article.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>SHOULD ANY LINK BE BROKEN, YOU CAN SEARCH VIA THE MAGNIFYING GLASS ON THE <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\">HOME PAGE<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>Cumbrian and social history<\/h2>\n<p>Advertising<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2019\/03\/23\/nathaniel-dean-lowthian-tasteful-adverts\/\">1910s<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Alcohol<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2019\/06\/08\/cumbrian-gin-a-post-for-world-gin-day\/\">gin,<\/a> the Cumbrian connection<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2019\/06\/24\/drunkenness-georgian-view\/\">drunkennes<\/a>s, the Georgian view<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2020\/05\/03\/beer-prices-in-1959\/\">beer prices in 1959<\/a> (and other drinks)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Animals<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2019\/06\/03\/cute-animals\/\">Cute animals<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2020\/02\/23\/14-king-street-penrith-history\/\">Armstrong &amp; Fleming<\/a>, Penrith<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2020\/01\/05\/beds-through-the-ages-important\/\">Beds<\/a> through the ages<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2019\/07\/27\/bicycle-mania-cumbria-1869\/\">Bicycle mania<\/a> in 1869<\/p>\n<p>Bonfire Night <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2019\/11\/03\/bonfire-night-1855-cumberland\/\">1855<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Border reivers<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2024\/11\/23\/pacification-document-06a\/\">Pacification document 06a<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2025\/01\/05\/king-james-grahams\/\">Pacification document 21<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2025\/03\/02\/walter-graham-of-netherby\">Pacification document 24a<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2025\/04\/06\/folio-33-pacification\/\">Pacification document 33<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2025\/09\/06\/richard-graham\/\">Pacification document 08<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/18\/hutchin-graham-free-pardon\/\">Pacification documents 17a\/b<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Bell&#8217;s <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2025\/06\/01\/history-of-the-border\/\">History of the Border<\/a><\/li>\n<li>See also posts on the Grahams<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2018\/08\/31\/victorian-burials-health-risk\/\">Burials<\/a> &#8211; a Victorian public health risk<\/p>\n<p>Carlisle Journal<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2024\/04\/07\/carlisle-journal-tg-cant\/\">1873 libel case<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2021\/05\/16\/cartes-de-visite-snapshots-of-history\/\">cartes de visite<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Christmas<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2018\/12\/23\/christmas-in-penrith-in-1853\/\">in Victorian Penrith<\/a><\/li>\n<li>in <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2020\/12\/20\/christmas-1843-in-cumbria\/\">1843<\/a><\/li>\n<li>in <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2021\/12\/20\/christmas-1854-in-carlisle\/\">1854<\/a>, in Carlisle<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2022\/12\/23\/changing-customs\/\">changing customs<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2023\/12\/24\/christmas-eve-victorian\/\">Christmas Eve<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2018\/10\/13\/facts-about-coats-of-arms\/\">Coats of arms<\/a>\/heraldry<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2023\/05\/06\/coronation\/\">Coronation Day<\/a> 1838<\/p>\n<p>Crime (<strong>see also punishments)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>affray and riots in <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2018\/06\/14\/kingstown-carlisle-crime\/\">Kingstown<\/a><\/li>\n<li>the <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2019\/10\/14\/conspiracy-to-marriage-anne-crellin\/\">Anne Crellin<\/a> abduction<\/li>\n<li>the <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2020\/09\/20\/most-atrocious-deed-longburn-murders\/\">Longburn murders<\/a><\/li>\n<li>the <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/22\/the-dearham-riot-headstrong-passion-in-1863\/\">Dearham riot<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2021\/02\/07\/sarah-nicholson-no-merry-widow\/\">Sarah Nicholson<\/a>, sinner and victim<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2021\/05\/09\/william-horsley-victim-of-love\/\">William Horsley<\/a>, victim of love<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2021\/05\/31\/catherine-wilson-serial-poisoner\/\">Ann Atkinson<\/a>, victim of serial poisoner Catherine Wilson<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2021\/07\/25\/annie-robinson-murder-in-mind\/\">Annie Robinson<\/a>, poisoner<\/li>\n<li>the <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2022\/08\/07\/seathwaite-riot\/\">Seathwaite riot<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2022\/09\/25\/john-scott-brown-thin-skinned-thug\/\">John Scott Brown<\/a> aggravated assault<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2023\/02\/05\/1826-murders\/\">1826 murders<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2020\/02\/23\/14-king-street-penrith-history\/\">Cumberland &amp; Westmorland Herald<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Cumbrian <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2021\/07\/10\/cumberland-westmorland-ancient-and-modern\/\">place names<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/15\/william-jarman-and-customs-job-titles\/\">Customs and Excise\u00a0<\/a><\/p>\n<p>The Port Carlisle <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2018\/10\/06\/port-carlisle-dandy\/\">Dandy]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Deaths<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2020\/09\/06\/the-penrith-death-roll-for-1895\/\">Death roll in Penrith, 1895<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Diseases: the <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2025\/11\/23\/1597-plague-cumbria\/\">1597 plague<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Diseases and <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2018\/09\/23\/georgian-medicine\/\">medicine<\/a> in Georgian times<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2019\/10\/27\/kill-or-cure-georgian-medicine\/\">Georgian medicine<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2017\/12\/21\/victorian-cures\/\">Diseases<\/a> and cures in Victorian times<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2018\/11\/25\/quack-medicines-miracle-cures\/\">Quack medicines<\/a> and &#8216;miracle cures&#8217;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2018\/10\/20\/scarlet-fever-in-the-1800s\/\">Scarlet fever<\/a> in the 1800s<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2019\/02\/02\/consumption-romantic-disease\/\">Consumption<\/a>, a far from romantic disease<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2019\/11\/17\/bonesetter-a-family-occupation\/\">Bonesetter<\/a>, a family occupation<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2020\/02\/01\/electrotherapy-mourning\/\">electrotherapy<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2020\/06\/28\/frances-farlam-a-lunatic-from-grief\/\">mental health<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2025\/08\/10\/garlands\/\">Garlands asylum<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2020\/09\/27\/cholera-flu-epidemics-1830s\/\">cholera<\/a> and other 1830s epidemics<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Easter<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2022\/04\/17\/easter-in-carlisle-1803\/\">Carlisle, 1803<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2024\/03\/24\/palm-sunday-carlings\/\">Palm Sunday<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2025\/04\/20\/easter-1890\/\">Westmorland 1890<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Education<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2019\/03\/03\/brunswick-square-school-penrith\/\">Brunswick Square school<\/a>, Penrith<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2020\/08\/23\/carlisle-central-school-v-industrial-revolution\/\">Carlisle Central School<\/a><\/li>\n<li>The <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2020\/10\/11\/the-popular-educator-and-lessons-for-women\/\">Popular Educator<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Greystoke <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2025\/09\/21\/greystoke-school\/\">School rules<\/a> circa 1790<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Farming<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Fat stock and other prices <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2020\/05\/03\/beer-prices-in-1959\/\">in 1959<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2020\/10\/04\/notice-to-quit-the-hutton-john-estate\/\">notice to quit<\/a> in 1857<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Fashion<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2019\/12\/22\/winter-solstice-fashion-tips-1893\/\">in 1893<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Fishing <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2023\/01\/22\/fishing-rights\/\">rights<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Fire service<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2021\/01\/24\/fp-signs-what-are-they\/\">FP signs<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>First World War<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>&#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2018\/11\/11\/armistice-day-centenary-remembrance\/\">1918 deaths<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2019\/02\/16\/brunswick-square-first-world-war\/\">Brunswick Square Penrith<\/a><\/li>\n<li>the <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2019\/03\/10\/penrith-pilkington-war\/\">Pilkington<\/a> brothers<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2019\/03\/30\/mustard-gas\/\">mustard gas<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2019\/04\/20\/tom-telford-one-more-casualty\/\">Tom Telford<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2019\/05\/18\/prisoners-of-war-wwi\/\">Prisoners of war<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2020\/10\/25\/food-control-and-war-service-for-women\/\">food control<\/a> (domestic rationing)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/08\/high-hesket\/\">High Hesket<\/a> war memorial<\/li>\n<li>Thomas William <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2023\/11\/11\/thomas-william-hetherington\/\">Hetherington<\/a> x2 (the Somme)<\/li>\n<li>Blackhall Camp\/<a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2024\/11\/10\/john-ellwood-boadle\/\">Lonsdale Battalion<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Food and drink (alcohol: see A above)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2019\/09\/01\/food-safety-sawdust-sandwich-anyone\/\">Food safety<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2020\/01\/19\/frozen-fish-a-cumbrian-discovery\/\">Frozen fish,<\/a> a &#8216;Cumbrian discovery&#8217;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2018\/01\/21\/polly-put-kettle-teatime\/\">Tea<\/a> &#8211; a social history<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2024\/03\/24\/palm-sunday-carlings\/\">carlings<\/a> (carlins)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2024\/07\/28\/wheaten-bread\/\">bread<\/a> riots<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Funerals<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The Bowness-on-Solway <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2020\/01\/26\/invitation-to-a-funeral-cumbrian-custom\/\">funeral bidder<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Victorian <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2020\/02\/01\/electrotherapy-mourning\/\">mourning<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Furniture and furnishings<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2019\/10\/21\/georgian-living-household-goods\/\">Georgian household<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2019\/09\/15\/graffiti-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly\/\">Graffiti<\/a> &#8211; historic<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>and <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2021\/11\/28\/lost-gravestones\/\">more recent<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2021\/11\/28\/lost-gravestones\/\">Gravestones<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2018\/10\/28\/haaf-net-fishing-at-port-carlisle\/\">Haaf net fishing<\/a> at Port Carlisle<\/p>\n<p>History sources<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2025\/02\/02\/history-of-cumberland\/\">A History of Cumberland and Westmorelan<\/a>d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Humour<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2018\/07\/21\/victorian-jokes-contain-your-excitement\/\">Victorian<\/a><\/li>\n<li>and <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2020\/04\/19\/more-victorian-humour\/\">here<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Industrial Revolution (the), and <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2018\/01\/01\/averagewage-1843\/\">occupations<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Inglewood <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2023\/08\/13\/inglewood-rifle-corps\/\">Rifle Corps<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>and <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2025\/10\/19\/last-of-the-inglewood-rifles\/\">&#8216;the last member<\/a>&#8216;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Jacobites 1745<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2021\/01\/10\/jacobite-occupation-carlisle-1745\/\">Carlisle<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2018\/01\/24\/job-titles-old-new\/\">Job titles<\/a> old and new<\/p>\n<p>Land rights and customs<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Boon services. The <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2026\/03\/29\/tenants-hutton-john\/\">Hutton John tenants<\/a> fight-back<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2018\/02\/08\/life-expectancy-1845\/\">Life expectanc<\/a>y in 1776 and 1845<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2018\/09\/29\/cumbrian-lodging-houses\/\">Lodging houses<\/a> and the spread of disease<\/p>\n<p>Love \u2013<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>a <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2018\/12\/11\/joseph-timperon-jilted-love\/\">breach of promise.<\/a><\/li>\n<li>and <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2021\/02\/14\/breach-of-promise-a-true-life-frank-churchill\/\">another<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2019\/08\/18\/dating-advice-in-the-1840s\/\">dating advice<\/a> in the 1840s<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2019\/12\/15\/old-maids-a-tedious-courtship-and-dating-advice\/\">Old maids<\/a> and more 1840s advice<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2020\/03\/29\/near-riot-at-a-penrith-wedding\/\">near riot at a wedding<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Maritime and shipping<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2021\/03\/21\/solway-ships-in-the-1800s-types-names-and-cargoes\/\">Solway ships in the 1800s<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Martime tragedies<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2018\/01\/15\/ss-west-cumberland\/\">SS West Cumberland<\/a><\/li>\n<li>the <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2019\/01\/27\/brig-robert-burns\/\">brig Robert Burns<\/a><\/li>\n<li>in <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2019\/05\/06\/those-in-peril-on-the-sea-in-1813\/\">early 1813<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2022\/05\/01\/may-day-ruined-by-the-puritans\/\">May Day<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Militia<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the American <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2018\/04\/26\/american-invasion-britain\/\">invasion<\/a> of Whitehaven<\/li>\n<li>Wicked Jimmy Lowther and the <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2018\/05\/03\/wicked-jimmy-westmorland-militia\/\">Westmorland Militia<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Carlisle <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2018\/08\/17\/carlisle-museum-gifts-gee-thanks\/\">Museum<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Mining \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2019\/05\/11\/wellington-pit\/\">Wellington Pit<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2018\/03\/14\/need-fire\/\">Need-fire<\/a> \u2013 a Celtic tradition<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2018\/12\/31\/new-year-traditions-ginger-and-coal\/\">New Year<\/a> traditions down the centuries<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2023\/12\/31\/new-years-eve\/\">New Year&#8217;s Eve<\/a> 1859-1867<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2017\/12\/27\/benjamin-franklins-visit-cumberland\/\">Oil on troubled waters<\/a> &#8211; a Cumbrian experiment<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2018\/01\/07\/the-sorceries\/\">Pasche eggs<\/a> \u2013 a Cumbrian tradition<\/p>\n<p>Photographs: see <em>cartes de visite<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Poetry\/poets<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2020\/10\/18\/neath-a-northern-sky\/\">Northern sky<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Policing<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>In the <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2020\/05\/24\/thomas-hetherington-a-policemans-lot\/\">1840s<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Carlisle Police, <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2024\/06\/01\/carlisle-police\/\">part one<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Carlisle Police (the Shaddongate riot) <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2024\/06\/16\/shaddongate-riot\/\">part two<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Politics<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>1768 <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2019\/12\/05\/inglewood-forest-lowther-land-grab\/\">Lowther v Portland<\/a><\/li>\n<li>1832 Reform Act (Reform Bill) and <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2022\/06\/12\/jubilee-time-in-1832\/\">jubilee<\/a><\/li>\n<li>John <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2018\/12\/03\/john-tweddle\/\">Tweddle<\/a><\/li>\n<li>1868 <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2019\/05\/27\/election-riots-in-penrith-and-other-places\/\">election riots\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\n<li>1884 <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2019\/09\/21\/will-of-the-people-nothing-new\/\">Reform Act<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Postal service<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>life of a <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2022\/06\/26\/abraham-greenhow-penrith-postman\/\">Penrith postman<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2023\/01\/08\/thursby-post-office\/\">Thursby Post Office<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Poverty<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2022\/01\/02\/handloom-weavers-starvation-in-carlisle\/\">Starvation<\/a>, in 1854<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Public houses &#8211; see the places index page<\/p>\n<p>Punishments<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>in\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2018\/04\/19\/branding-punishment-1700s\/\">the 1700s<\/a><\/li>\n<li>in the <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2018\/06\/21\/william-pinder-punishment-in-the-1800s\/\">mid-1800s<\/a><\/li>\n<li>in <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2021\/04\/04\/punishments-in-1841-in-cumberland\/\">1841<\/a><\/li>\n<li>the<a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2018\/07\/08\/treadmill-punishment\/\"> treadmill<\/a><\/li>\n<li>and <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2019\/03\/17\/victorian-values-punishment\/\">values<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Railways<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The Yanwath railway<a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2019\/06\/30\/yanwath-railway-explosion\/\"> explosion<\/a><\/li>\n<li>the Yanwath railway <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2022\/12\/11\/yanwath-railway\/\">hero<\/a><\/li>\n<li>railway <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2022\/07\/10\/kendal-town-clock\/\">time<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Reivers \u2013 see Border reivers<\/p>\n<p>Sanitation <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2018\/08\/02\/temperance-and-drains-in-carlisle\/\">debated<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2019\/04\/07\/middens-carlisle\/\">middens<\/a> and rubbish<\/li>\n<li>Penrith Board of Health and the <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2020\/02\/09\/water-closet-furore-jj-graham\/\">water closet furore<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Science<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2019\/07\/20\/moon-cumbrian-disagreed-herschel\/\">Astronomy and navigation<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Second World War<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2021\/11\/14\/ronald-foster-royal-artillery\/\">Merry Thought Camp, Ronald Foster<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2024\/02\/11\/shrove-tuesday-customs\/\">Shrove Tuesday<\/a> customs<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2019\/08\/26\/slander-and-witchcraft-in-stuart-england\/\">Slander<\/a> in Stuart England<\/p>\n<p>Slavery<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2019\/07\/14\/robert-lowther-the-tyrant-of-barbados\/\">Robert Lowther<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Sleeping arrangements <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2021\/10\/10\/sleeping-arrangements-dead-unnoticed\/\">in the 1800s<\/a><\/p>\n<p>the<a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2019\/11\/24\/solway-artillery-range\/\"> Solway Artillery Range<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2026\/03\/01\/spring-cleaning-tips-1880\/\">Spring cleaning<\/a> \u2013 Victorian advice<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2019\/01\/13\/attitudes-suicide-history\/\">Suicide<\/a> &#8211; attitudes towards<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2020\/07\/05\/cumbrian-superstitions\/\">superstitions<\/a><\/p>\n<p>the <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2020\/06\/21\/the-telephone-useless-for-postal-purposes\/\">telephone<\/a> \u2013 an exciting discovery<\/p>\n<p>Temperance <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2018\/08\/02\/temperance-and-drains-in-carlisle\/\">theory<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Theatre &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2018\/01\/31\/life-in-georgian-cumbria\/\">Georgian<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2018\/05\/20\/thirlepolle-thirlepoole-fish-or-whale\/\">Thirlepolles<\/a> \u2013 a mysterious ancient delicacy<\/p>\n<p>Transport and travel<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>For the Carlisle Canal and\/or Carlisle to Port Carlisle railway, see the Places index page<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2020\/05\/10\/first-motor-cars-a-cumbrian-take\/\">First motor cars<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2018\/03\/30\/all-mod-cons-on-a-1777-stagecoach\/\">Travel<\/a> in the 1700s<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Twelfth Night<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2019\/01\/05\/twelfth-night-twelfth-cakes\/\">twelfth cakes<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2021\/01\/03\/holly-a-unique-westmorland-tradition\/\">striving for the holly<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2019\/04\/27\/unfortunate-deaths-in-cumbria\/\">Unfortunate deaths<\/a> &#8211; a few examples<\/p>\n<p>Wages<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2018\/01\/01\/averagewage-1843\/\">in 1843<\/a><\/li>\n<li>and <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2018\/01\/01\/averagewage-1843\/\">1844<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Weather<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>in <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2020\/12\/27\/flooding-carlisle-1822-whitehaven-1827\/\">1822 and 1827<\/a><\/li>\n<li>in <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2018\/03\/01\/snow-march-beware-low-flying-sheep\/\">1881<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2024\/04\/21\/rain-in-cumbria\/\">rain in Cumbria<\/a> (Ambleside poem)<\/li>\n<li>rain and storms in <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/15\/rain-and-storms-1852\/\">1852<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2022\/01\/02\/handloom-weavers-starvation-in-carlisle\/\">Weavers<\/a> (handloom)<\/p>\n<p>Wedding <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2020\/07\/26\/wedding-invitations-with-a-cumbrian-twist\/\">customs<\/a> in the 18th-19th centuries<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2018\/02\/21\/window-tax-tax-upon-light-air\/\">Window tax<\/a> or duty<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2019\/12\/22\/winter-solstice-fashion-tips-1893\/\">Winter solstice<\/a>, 1893<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2017\/12\/14\/workhouse-life\/\">Workhouse<\/a> life and food supplies<\/p>\n<p>Wrestling (Cumberland and Westmorland)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Kitty <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2023\/09\/24\/christopher-cooper\/\">Cooper<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Family history tips and advice<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2019\/01\/20\/mary-pears\/\">Assumptions<\/a>, the danger of<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2018\/11\/04\/bankruptcy-family-history\/\">Bankruptcy<\/a> and family history resources<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2021\/03\/14\/census-2021-and-those-of-old\/\">Census<\/a> returns<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2020\/03\/22\/christian-names-and-family-history\/\">Christian names<\/a> and family history<\/p>\n<p>Cumbrian surnames<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2018\/05\/25\/cumbrian-surnames\/\">part one<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2018\/05\/31\/cumbrian-names-origins\/\">part two<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2020\/01\/12\/births-post-1837-and-constraints-on-marriage\/s\">Births<\/a> and other records after 1837<\/p>\n<p>Brick walls.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The importance of trying <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2022\/03\/13\/william-weight-advice-on-variations\/\">name variations<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2018\/06\/08\/death-certificates\/\">Death certificates<\/a> and their uses<\/p>\n<p>Divorce and <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2020\/09\/13\/restitution-of-conjugal-rights\/\">separation<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2021\/06\/27\/dna-testing-plain-and-simple\/\">DNA testing<\/a>, a plain and simple guide<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2024\/10\/20\/dna-tests\/\">DNA testing<\/a> \u2013 was it worth it?<\/p>\n<p>DNA results \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2025\/10\/26\/ancestrys-regions\/\">Ancestry&#8217;s regions<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2024\/09\/08\/grahams-of-cumberland-dna\/\">DNA<\/a> to &#8216;solve&#8217; pre-1700s links<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2019\/02\/09\/most-haunted-fake-ghost\/\">Fake ghost<\/a> proves the importance of sound research<\/p>\n<p>An <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2021\/10\/30\/help-my-house-is-haunted-ghost\/\">unlikely ghost<\/a>, according to research<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2025\/11\/02\/parish-registers\/\">Parish registers<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Perils on online<a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2018\/04\/12\/online-family-trees-pitfalls\/\"> family trees<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Elizabethan <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2024\/11\/03\/elizabethan-handwriting\/\">handwriting<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Inquests<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2020\/07\/12\/deodands-in-case-of-death-forfeit-the-horse\/\">deodands<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2019\/08\/26\/slander-and-witchcraft-in-stuart-england\/\">Manor courts<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Manor <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2019\/10\/05\/manorial-records-hutton-in-the-forest\/\">fines<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Memorial <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2023\/10\/08\/st-cuthberts\/\">inscriptions<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Merchant Navy <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2021\/06\/13\/merchant-navy-apprentices-in-the-1850s\/\">apprentices<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Old occupations<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2020\/04\/13\/old-occupations-the-bellman\/\">Bellman<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2019\/11\/17\/bonesetter-a-family-occupation\/\">Bonesetter<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2021\/12\/12\/john-howson-a-penrith-coach-builder\/\">coach builder<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Parish registers<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2021\/08\/22\/kirkoswald-parish-registers\/\">Kirkoswald<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2022\/02\/13\/dalston-registers\/\">Dalston<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2021\/04\/25\/patents-and-family-history\/\">Patents<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2021\/02\/21\/wrong-certificate\/\">Piecing lives together<\/a> from sources<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2020\/04\/05\/poor-relief-with-cumbrian-cases\/\">Poor Relief\u00a0<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Prices: what is \u00a3x <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2025\/07\/27\/worth-today\/\">worth today<\/a>?<\/p>\n<p>Using multiple <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2023\/10\/22\/using-multiple-family-history-sources\/\">sources<\/a> to piece together people&#8217;s stories<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2023\/03\/19\/ancestry-suggested-records\/\">Suggested records<\/a> (and their pitfalls)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2021\/08\/22\/kirkoswald-parish-registers\/\">Tracing fathers<\/a> of illegitimate children<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2017\/12\/10\/family-history-wills\/\">Wills<\/a> and their uses for family history research<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>and <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2023\/02\/19\/john-moore\/\">again<\/a><\/li>\n<li>unusual <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2022\/01\/30\/bequests-that-raise-a-smile\/\">bequests<\/a><\/li>\n<li>more unusual <a href=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/2025\/02\/16\/wills-extracts\/\">bequests<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Other topics<\/h2>\n<p>AI content theft and unreliability<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-196 size-medium\" src=\"http:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/1786-300x177.jpg\" alt=\"Georgian Cumbria, Georgian fashion, topics, Cumbrian Characters,\" width=\"300\" height=\"177\" srcset=\"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/1786-300x177.jpg 300w, https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/1786.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Topics are alphabetical Click on a link in the topics list to be taken to the relevant article. SHOULD ANY LINK BE BROKEN, YOU CAN SEARCH VIA THE MAGNIFYING GLASS ON THE HOME PAGE. Cumbrian and social history Advertising 1910s Alcohol gin, the Cumbrian connection drunkenness, the Georgian view beer prices in 1959 (and other [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":374,"parent":0,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-51","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Index - topics - Cumbrian Characters<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Topics covered by Cumbrian Characters are listed here, with clickable links to take you to the articles. 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These include general genealogy advice, Cumbrian customs, life expectancy, travel in the 1700s, and a social history of tea!","og_url":"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/index-topics\/","og_site_name":"Cumbrian Characters","article_modified_time":"2026-03-29T13:23:19+00:00","og_image":[{"width":600,"height":400,"url":"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/newspapers.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_site":"@GnaOxdown","twitter_misc":{"Estimated reading time":"5 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/index-topics\/","url":"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/index-topics\/","name":"Index - topics - Cumbrian Characters","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/index-topics\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/index.php\/index-topics\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/crimesofthecenturies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/newspapers.jpg","datePublished":"2017-12-14T12:24:21+00:00","dateModified":"2026-03-29T13:23:19+00:00","description":"Topics covered by Cumbrian Characters are listed here, with clickable links to take you to the articles. 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